Arizona Geological Society

Events

Upcoming events

    • 02 Apr 2024
    • 5:30 PM - 8:00 PM
    • Hexagon Office at 40 East Congress Street, Suite 150, Tucson, Arizona 85701
    Register


    Arizona Geological Society

    2024 Speaker Series

    Tuesday, 2 April 2024 | 5:30 - 8:00 PM

    Location:  Hexagon Mining Division Office

    40 East Congress Street, Suite 150, Tucson, Arizona 85701


    Parking: On the street or parking garage (Old Pueblo Parking)

    Social Hour with Sandwiches from Beyond Bread (5:30-6:30 PM), Presentation (6:35 PM)

    For those planning to attend the event, please register by 6:00 PM on Sunday, 31 March, 2024

    For those unable to attend, here is a

    MS Teams URL for Remote Viewing

    Remote Broadcast begins at 6:35 PM

    (Streaming URL Pending)

    The Arizona Geological Society also thanks Hexagon

    for generously providing the venue and drinks


    Basin Evolution, Deformation, and Mineralization in Big Sandy Valley, Northwestern Arizona

    Brian F. Gootee and Carson Richardson

    Arizona Geological Survey

    Abstract:  Big Sandy Valley in northwestern Arizona is a large, exceptionally well-exposed extensional basin with complex Proterozoic bedrock, multiple Laramide porphyry stocks, the Miocene Kaiser Spring volcanic field, two generations of Miocene to Pliocene basin fill, interbedded rock-avalanche deposits, and middle Miocene and younger faults. Systematic geologic mapping in this basin was initially motivated by several factors: ongoing copper and lithium exploration, 3D structural and stratigraphic controls on mineralization and groundwater, and U.S. Hwy 93/Interstate 11 infrastructure.  

    Proterozoic rocks in the Hualapai Mountains were intruded by the Cretaceous Wikieup, Diamond Joe, and Wheeler Wash stocks with associated (but variably developed) porphyry alteration. A fourth Laramide stock near Devil’s Canyon is not exposed, and instead a monzonite to quartz monzonite porphyry dike swarm is present.  

    A poorly exposed, east-dipping, low-angle normal fault is present along the eastern margin of the northern Hualapai Mountains. This fault is not exposed farther south near the Diamond Joe pluton, but the Big Sandy prospect has rocks of the same composition and age and is interpreted as the faulted top of the Diamond Joe pluton transported ~13 km to the ENE (Bell Copper, 2021). Still farther south, a moderately ENE-dipping normal fault is exposed near the Wikieup pluton and may be the southern continuation of this same fault. Thermochronologic cooling ages (AHe, AFT, and ZHe) of the major plutons suggest rapid middle to late Miocene exhumation of the Hualapai Mountains, while Late Cretaceous to Paleogene cooling ages (ZHe and AHe) of a Cretaceous dike in the Aquarius Mountains suggest the Aquarius Mountains were a structurally higher level of the crust during that time. 

    The oldest basin-fill deposits, informally called the Tule Wash beds, are a sequence of limestone, basalt, mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate lithofacies up to 1,500-2,000 m thick. In northern Big Sandy Valley the depositional axis of the Tule Wash basin was located on the far eastern side of the valley, as indicated by multiple interbedded rock-avalanche breccia-flows sourced from the Hualapai Mountains. Across much of the valley width the Tule Wash beds are predominantly W-tilted into E-dipping faults; along the Aquarius Mountains the dip polarity flips into generally ENE-tilted fault blocks cut by N- to NW-striking faults with major WSW-side-down slip. After deposition and deformation of the Tule beds, a basin-wide erosional event formed an angular unconformity over the Tule Wash beds; eroded Tule Wash deposits were transported south to an unknown depocenter. In the southeastern Aquarius Mountains, the ~15-8 Ma Miocene Kaiser Spring volcanic field, a bimodal complex assemblage of felsic lava domes, mafic lava flows, breccias, and pyroclastic rocks, was emplaced over an eroded crystalline bedrock surface that also overlapped with Tule Wash deposition and deformation.

    Flows from the Kaiser Spring volcanic field blocked the southern exit from Big Sandy Valley, forming a closed basin between ~10-5 Ma. This basin was filled by the Big Sandy Formation, a basin-wide fanglomerate, sandy, muddy and carbonate assemblage. Lithium mineralization near the community of Wikieup is hosted within the muddy lithofacies of the Big Sandy Formation, but the source rocks and mechanism of lithium mineralization remains debated. By ~5 Ma, the Big Sandy Formation aggraded with sediment and water to a maximum floor elevation of ~750 m above sea level at its southernmost terminus and spilled across crystalline bedrock where the northern Poachie and southern Hualapai Mountains meet. Since then, Big Sandy Valley has undergone erosion with a series of off-lapping alluvial terraces cut into older basin fill deposits. Though Big Sandy Formation is largely undeformed, one fault zone on the west side of the valley offsets late Pleistocene and older deposits.

    Bio: Brian Gootee is AZGS’ Chief of Basin Analysis. He received his B.S. and M.S. from Arizona State University.

    Carson Richardson is AZGS’s Chief of Mineral Resources and Bedrock Geology. He received M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Arizona.

               



    Hexagon Mining Division Office - 40 East Congress Street,

    Suite 150, Tucson, Arizona 85701

    • 27 Apr 2024
    • 8:00 AM
    • 28 Apr 2024
    • 3:00 PM
    • Wikieup, Arizona (Location to be announced)
    Register


    Big Sandy Valley Field Trip

    Mohave County, Arizona

    Basin Evolution, Deformation, and Mineralization in the Big Sandy Valley, Northwestern Arizona

    Arizona Geological Society members are invited to join the field trip as we visit Big Sandy Valley in Mohave County, Arizona. 

    AZGS geologist Brad Johnson inspecting an outcrop of mudstones and sandstones of the Late Miocene - Pliocene Big Sandy Formation. Photo by Lisa Thompson

    AZGS Geologist Brad Johnson inspecting an outcrop of mudstones and sandstones of the Late Miocene - Pliocene Big Sandy Formation.

    Photo by Lisa Thompson

    Description - This field trip, encompassing basin deposits, river integration, structural geology/tectonics, economic geology, and regional geology, will examine two generations of well-exposed basin deposits and associated faults and deformation in Big Sandy Valley, northwestern Arizona. Big Sandy Valley is situated along the margin between the Basin and Range Province and Transition Zone in Arizona within a ~90 km gap along the northwestern segment of the Laramide arc where no porphyry copper deposits have yet been defined. Two sedimentary lithium deposits were discovered in 2019 and continue to be advanced, while two subsurface porphyry copper prospects are being explored by junior mining companies. By examining the spatial distribution and geometric configuration of Big Sandy basin deposits, trip participants will evaluate and make connections between basin structural evolution, depositional systems and basin sedimentation, and modern resource exploration, highlighting the role geologic mapping plays in the intersection of science, policy, and land use. Field trip stops examine four aspects of basin evolution and mineral resources: 1) evaluate the character, form, and depositional environments of two generations of basin deposits (the Miocene Tule Wash beds and late Miocene-early Pliocene Big Sandy Formation) through type exposures; 2) examine the character, provenance, and depositional mechanisms of spectacular rock-avalanche breccia deposits in the Tule Wash beds; 3) evaluate the structural setting of basin deposits, cross-cutting relationships between faults and folds, and implications for the style and timing of deformation; and 4) summarize regional geology and implications for porphyry copper and sedimentary lithium mineralization.

    Field Trip Leaders:  Brian F. Gootee, Lisa A. Thompson, Bradford J. Johnson, and Carson A. Richardson (Arizona Geological Survey, University of Arizona)


    Acknowledgements - The Arizona Geological Society Executive Committee thanks the Arizona Geological Survey for organizing the field trip to the Big Sandy Valley. 

    When/Where - Saturday, April 27, 2024 to Sunday, April 28, 2024

    We recommend arriving the afternoon/evening of Friday, April 26, 2024 and either camp in Big Sandy Valley or find accommodations in Kingman.

    Kingman, Arizona is about 30 miles NNW of the Big Sandy Valley field trip area on I-40 and is the nearest town with motels (11 motels from ~$50 to $120 per night), restaurants and stores. Wikieup is about 15 miles south of the field area. It has several restaurants, but no motels.

    On the morning of April 27, between 8-8:30 AM (MST), we’ll meet near along US-93 north of Wikieup.  (We’ll notify participants of where to meet after registration)

    Group size - Limit  - 25 participants - We anticipate that this trip will be highly popular, so in fairness to all we’ll use a lottery system to select participating members.  Of the 25 spots, we are reserving five spots for AGS student members. 

    For those interested in attending, please enroll at your earliest convenience at https://www.arizonageologicalsoc.org/.  Each enrollee will be assigned a number. Once registration is closed on April 2, 2024, we’ll draw names and immediately inform registrants of their status.  No payment is due until you have been notified of your status.

    Registration Deadline for this event is 6 PM on April 2, 2024.

    We will establish a wait list in the event of cancellations.

    Field Trip Costs - $25 for two lunches on April 27 and 28. Cost of field trip guide is $20 for a total of $45.  This fee will not be collected until after the lottery.

    Gear - Dress appropriately for daytime temperatures 75-90 degrees F.  Boots or hiking shoes are required. AGS will supply some water, but please bring some with you.

    Transportation - You are responsible for your own transportation. To facilitate carpooling for Tucson and Phoenix area folks, AGS will communicate the list of attendees before the trip.  High-clearance vehicles are required in the field, such as Cherokee or F-150 4x4’s.

    Meals - A selection of sandwiches, cookies, fruit, bottled water and sodas will be provided for lunches on Saturday and Sunday. 

    Liability Wavier - A Liability Wavier Form for all field trip participants can be downloaded at:

    Link -https://arizonageologicalsoc.org/resources/Documents/Field%20Trips/FieldTripReleaseForm%20-3-22-2022.pdf

    To expedite registration, participants are encouraged to bring a signed copy of this form with them on the morning of the field trip.  Additional copies will be available at the check-in for those who forget.

    Contact Info - For questions, please reach out to either Paul Jensen (pwj.geo@yahoo.com) or Mike Conway (fmichael.conway@gmail.com). 


Past events

05 Mar 2024 The Origin and Tectonic Significance of the Basin and Range - Rio Grande Rift Boundary in Southern New Mexico
06 Feb 2024 New Discovery of Beach Sand, Beachrock, and Tuffa from the Uppermost Portion of the Bidahochi Formation and their Implications for the Development of Grand Canyon
09 Jan 2024 Cenozoic Tectonic Extension in the Sonoran Desert Region and Reconstruction of the Initial Distribution of Porphyry Copper Deposits
05 Dec 2023 From rocks to stalks: Interpreting the controls on biogeochemical signatures and the applications of trace metals
07 Nov 2023 Cenozoic Tectonic Extension in the Mojave-Sonora Desert Region
03 Oct 2023 Structural Modeling for Reducing Uncertainty in Geologic Interpretations
29 Sep 2023 Fall Field Trip - South 32 Hermosa Project, Santa Cruz County, Arizona
07 Sep 2023 Virginia McLemore presents Rare Earth Element (REE) Potential and Origin of the Cambrian-Ordovician Carbonatites and Episynites in soutbern New Mexico
24 Aug 2023 AZ Geological Society Social Mixer
15 Jun 2023 AZ Geological Society Social Mixer
02 May 2023 Lithospheric Controls on the Formation of Porphyry Copper Deposits: What could possibly go wrong?
04 Apr 2023 Temporal Evolution of the Rattlesnake Creek Terrane and Implication of Jurassic Construction of Crust in the Western United States
07 Mar 2023 Magmatism and Characteristics of Supergene and Hypogene Alteration-Mineralization of the Lone Star Porphyry Copper Deposit, Safford District, Arizona
17 Jan 2023 Arizona Geological Society Social Mixer
06 Dec 2022 Perspectives on a Carbon Storage Ecosystem Built from Distributed CO2 Sequestration Resources in Arizona
01 Nov 2022 Content Learning Outcomes from Geological Virtual Field Trips can Exceed those from In-person Field Trips
04 Oct 2022 Machine Learning, Robotic Mapping, and Particle Dynamics for Earthquake Geology
06 Sep 2022 Bell Copper's Big Sandy Copper Porphyry Discovery by Tim Marsh, Ph.D.
07 Jun 2022 An Overview of Mineralogy of Arizona 4th Edition by Dr. Ray Grant
03 May 2022 Helium Exploration and Exploitation in the Holbrook Basin, Arizona
16 Apr 2022 Spring Field Trip - Mountains, Mines and Structural Settings of the North and Central Altar Valley, Coyote Mountains to Sierrita Mountains, Pima County, Arizona
08 Mar 2022 Post-caldera Explosive Eruptions at the Valles Caldera (and Vulcano Island)
08 Mar 2022 Tour of University of Arizona's Alfie Norville Gem and Mineral Museum
02 Nov 2021 Arizona Geological Society Presents: Chris Osterman, PhD 417 Project, Globe, Gila County, Arizona A Native Silver Discovery
17 Sep 2020 AGS Zoom Social Hour
27 Aug 2020 Mark F. Coolbaugh Presents: Renaissance Gold Inc. on Silicon
04 Jun 2020 Darren Smith Presents: Mineralogy, Market, and Ashram, a Rare Earth Carbonatite Deposit
05 May 2020 Philip M. Persson presents: The Detroit City Portal A New Chapter in the Story of Sweet Home Mine, Colorado, Rhodochrosite Mining
12 Mar 2020 AGS March Gathering
04 Feb 2020 SME & AGS Joint Dinner Meeting - Hexagon Integrated Portfolios
14 Jan 2020 Vit Kuhnel Presents Fluid Mechanics Versus Fracture Flow
03 Dec 2019 Legacy of Cenozoic Volcanism in the Pacific Northwest: Emphasis on the High Lava Plains of Oregon
05 Nov 2019 Vanadium Deposits in Arizona
08 Oct 2019 AGS Meet and Greet, A Networking Event
10 Sep 2019 Kent J. McGrew presents In-Situ Recovery Basics
06 Aug 2019 Gregory J. Leonard presents The Planetary Perils and Economic Promise of Near-Earth Asteroids
08 Jun 2019 Spring Field Trip - Petrologic and Structural Evidence for Flat Subduction Tectonics in Santa Catalina Mountains and Vicinity
04 Jun 2019 AGS Meet and Greet, A Networking Event
07 May 2019 Bootprints in Bear Country: Discovery History and Geology of the Malmyzh Cu-Au porphyry cluster, Khabarovsk krai, Russia by Mac Canby - Senior President Exploration for Freeport-McMoRan
02 Apr 2019 Florence Copper: Copper Recovery Using In-situ Technology By Dan Johnson BSc, MSc, PE – Vice-President | General Manager, Florence Copper Inc.
05 Mar 2019 Sarah Elizabeth Baxter presents "Treasures of Arizona's Sky Islands: Geology and Mineral Resources of Coronado National Forest
05 Feb 2019 Jeffrey E. Post presents The Hope Diamond and Smithsonian National Gem Collection
08 Jan 2019 John Dilles presents - Using the Zonation of Trace Metal Geochemistry and Hydrothermal Mineralogy for Porphyry Copper Mineral Exploration
04 Dec 2018 David (Duff) Gold presents - Deep-Seated Volcanism and the Genesis of Diamonds
06 Nov 2018 William Wilkinson Presents - The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: Three Decades of Exploration
02 Oct 2018 Ihor Kunasz Presents - The Geology and Economics of Lithium
04 Sep 2018 Jim Reed Presents - Applying Geological Exploration Methods Towards the Location of Clandestine Gravesites
07 Aug 2018 Rhodochrosite: Red Treasure of the Rockies - The Story of the Sweet Home Mine
03 Jul 2018 Alison Jones Presents - Rafting through 2 Billion Years of Geologic Time
05 Jun 2018 Gary Huckleberry Presents - The Geoarcheology of Ancient Water Control in the Southwest: Lessons from the Past
01 May 2018 William B. White presents The Science of Caves and Cave Contributions to Science
21 Apr 2018 Spring Field Trip - Jerome - An Early Proterozoic Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit
03 Apr 2018 Volker Spieth and Stanley Keith Present - Finding Gold in the Kupferschiefer
29 Mar 2018 Future Home of the University of Arizona Gem and Mineral Museum
06 Mar 2018 Joe Wilkins, Jr. Presents - Piedras Verdes and Cuatro Hermanos, Sonora, Mexico - A Tale of Two Porphyries
06 Feb 2018 Paul F. Hlava presents Causes of Color in Minerals and Gemstones
02 Jan 2018 Peter L. Ward presents Bringing Peace to the Climate Wars
05 Dec 2017 Joellen Russell presents The Ocean's Role in the Climate of the Anthropocene
07 Nov 2017 Eric Sundquist presents Geological Perspectives on Carbon Dioxide, the Carbon Cycle and Carbon Management
03 Oct 2017 Lily Jackson presents Andean River Sediments as a Window into the Tectonic History of Ecuador
05 Sep 2017 Vic Baker presents The Influence of the 18th Century Enlightenment on the Natural Sciences
22 Aug 2017 AGS Meet and Greet, A Networking Event
11 Jul 2017 Andrew Zaffos presents Global Tectonics and Marine Animal Diversity
06 Jun 2017 Dan Johnson presents Introduction to the Florence Copper Project and In-Situ Copper Recovery
02 May 2017 Robert Glennon presents America's Water Crisis and What To Do About It
22 Apr 2017 Spring Field Trip - The Laramide-age Chilito Porphyry Copper Deposit
04 Apr 2017 David London presents The Nature and Origins of Internal Zonation within Granitic Pegmatites
07 Mar 2017 Derek J. Thorkelson presents The Precambrian Tectonic Connection between Yukon and Arizona
07 Feb 2017 Daniel Hummer presents Mineral ecology and evolution: Using large datasets to tell the story of the co-evolution of Earth and life
03 Jan 2017 David A. Sawyer presents Dating Geologic Time in the Cretaceous: Integrating Biostratigraphy, Isotope Geochronology, and Astrochronology in Sedimentary Deposits of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway
06 Dec 2016 John W. Ewert presents USGS Responses to Some Volcanic Crises and Eruptions Around the World
01 Nov 2016 Alexander Schauss presents Minerals, Trace Elements and Human Health
22 Oct 2016 Fall Field Trip - The Peach Spring Tuff and the Silver Creek Caldera, Northwestern Arizona
04 Oct 2016 Hamish Martin Presents Geology of the Resolution Cu-Mo Deposit, Superior Arizona
06 Sep 2016 Keith R. Long Presents No Bonanza from Cheap Oil
02 Aug 2016 Lee Allison Presents The Future of State Geological Surveys: the Arizona Case Study
05 Jul 2016 Don Applebee Presents Genesis of the Chilito Porphyry Copper Deposit
07 Jun 2016 Robert Hildebrand Presents Collisions, Slab Failure Magmatism and the Development of Cordilleran Batholiths
03 May 2016 Peter Modreski will present "Pegmatites: Mineralogy, Gemstones, Economic Geology, and maybe not quite the same Giant-Crystal Rocks you always thought they were"
30 Apr 2016 Spring Field Trip - An Introduction to the Pinal Schist in Southeastern Arizona
05 Apr 2016 Jordon Bright Presents Looking for an Ocean in the Desert, the Enigmatic Bouse Formation
01 Mar 2016 Peter R. Johnson Presents Tectonics and Mineral Deposits of the Arabian-Nubian Shield
02 Feb 2016 Dr. Karen Wenrich Presents The Ga-Ge Rich Apex Mine, Utah - A Tsumeb, Namibia Analogue
05 Jan 2016 Sarah Baxter Presents Calc-silicate Alteration and Ore Characterization, ASARCO Mission Complex, Pima County, Arizona
01 Dec 2015 Peter Smith Presents The Latest News from Mars
14 Nov 2015 Fall Field Trip - Northern Plomosa Mountains and Bouse Formation in Blythe Basin
03 Nov 2015 Karen Kelley presents The Giant Concealed Pebble Cu-Au-Mo Porphyry Deposit, Southwest Alaska
06 Oct 2015 Caleb King presents Eocene Hydrothermal Systems and Contrasting Hydrothermal Alteration in the Battle Mountain District, Nevada
01 Sep 2015 Carl Bowser presents The Genesis of the Kramer Borax Deposit, Rogers Lake, Mojave Desert, CA:
04 Aug 2015 Dan Lynch presents Volcanoes in the Back Yard
07 Jul 2015 Erik Melchiorre presents The Complex Geological History Recorded by Arizona Placer Deposits:
02 Jun 2015 Jan C. Rasmussen Presents - Arizona Mineralization through Geologic Time
05 May 2015 Gordon Haxel Presents - Alpine peridotite in the desert - Arizona's Laramide subduction complex
02 May 2015 Spring Field Trip - Oak Creek - Mormon Lake Graben
18 Apr 2015 Third Annual Arizona Geological Society Doug Shakel Student Poster Event
03 Mar 2015 Apollo 17 Astronaut and Former Senator Harrison H. Schmitt presents A Geological Visit to a Valley on the Moon
03 Feb 2015 Don Yurewicz Presents Assessing Unconventional (Continuous) Hydrocarbon Resource Plays
06 Jan 2015 Arend Meijer presents: Sulfide-rich Proterozoic Mafic Rocks and Arizona Porphyry Copper Deposits - A Connection?
02 Dec 2014 Victor R. Baker: Megafloods on Earth, Mars, and Beyond
15 Nov 2014 Fall Field Trip - Debris Flows Shape the Sabino Canyon Landscape - look out below!
04 Nov 2014 Isabel F. Barton: Historical Development & Current State of Geological Research in the Central African Copperbelt
07 Oct 2014 Apollo 17 Astronaut and Former Senator Harrison H. Schmitt presents A Geological Visit to a Valley on the Moon
02 Sep 2014 Lewis Land presents Evaluation of Groundwater Residence Time in a Karstic Aquifer System
05 Aug 2014 Jamie Molaro presents Thermal Stress Weathering in the Inner Solar System
01 Jul 2014 Jim Leenhouts presents Surface-water/groundwater Interactions in Arizona
03 Jun 2014 Arend Meijer presents Pinal Schist of So. Arizona--A Paleoproterozoic Fore-Arc Complex
06 May 2014 John C. Lacy presents The Genesis of Mining Law
26 Apr 2014 Spring Field Trip - Geology of the Christmas Porphyry Copper Deposit
24 Apr 2014 Second Annual Arizona Geological Society Doug Shakel Student Poster Event
01 Apr 2014 Eric Seedorff presents, Structural Dismemberment of a Porphyry Molybdenum System, Spruce Mountain District, Northeastern Nevada
04 Mar 2014 John Dreier presents, Copper Deposits of the Coast Ranges of Chile; A trip through time, space, and ore deposit nomenclature
04 Feb 2014 Ralph Stegen presents The Morenci Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Greenlee County, Arizona: A Geologic Summary with Emphasis on Hypogene and Supergene Mineralization
07 Jan 2014 Steve Castor presents, Mountain Pass and other North American Rare Earth Element Deposits
03 Dec 2013 Stephen Jackson, USGS, Looking forward from the past: Ecological impacts of climate change through the lens of history
05 Nov 2013 Malcolm Siegel, PhD, MPH, LJS Consulting, Inc and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. 87047: Uranium Mining in the American Southwest: Can Medical Geologists Ask the Right Questions?
04 Oct 2013 Field Trip - H. Wilson Sundt Generating Station
01 Oct 2013 Mark Logsdon, Principal Geochemist, Geochimica, Inc.: What Does “Perpetual” Management and Treatment Mean? Toward a Framework for Determining an Appropriate Period-of-Performance for Management of Reactive, Sulfide-Bearing Mine Wastes
01 Oct 2013 Mark J. Logsdon, Geochimica, Inc., Does acid-rock drainage lead to waste-rock instability? Geological, hydrological, and geochemical framework for the Questa Mine
03 Sep 2013 Pete Reiners, UA, Geosciences Dept., Geochronology of secondary Fe & Mn oxides in bedrock
30 Aug 2013 Field Trip - University of Arizona Tree-Ring Research Laboratory
06 Aug 2013 Bill Stavast, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, The Safford Mine: What we have learned since production began
02 Jul 2013 Lukas Zurcher, USGS, presents: "Tectono-magmatic evolution of the Central Tethys Region"
04 Jun 2013 Steve Van Nort presents, "Gold Fever! The BRE-X/Busang Story
07 May 2013 Federal lands and mineral resources: Colorado Plateau uranium deposits and the Sonoran Desert Heritage
18 Apr 2013 First Annual Arizona Geological Society Doug Shakel Student Poster Event

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